Background:Nephrolithiasis imposes a weighty economic burden on individuals and their families, the healthcare system and society. Objectives: This study was aimed at assessing the costs of treating nephrolithiasis and deriving data on the economic burden of kidney stone disease in actual clinical practice in Vietnam. Methods:This prospective study was grounded in a prevalence- and social perspective-based approach and was conducted in 2018 to estimate the direct and indirect costs incurred from nephrolithiasis treatment. Results:The pre-hospital costs borne by inpatients and outpatientsin 2018 were 3,087,260 and3,031,427 VND, respectively, out of which indirect expenses accounted for the highest proportion at over 80% in both groups. The average costs of hospital treatment incurred by the inpatients and outpatients were 21,078,385 and 5,658,313 VND, respectively, amongst which direct medical costs constituted the highest percentage at more than 80% in both groups. The average costs of hospital visits for the patients were 2,101,558 and 1,976,736 VND, respectively. The largest share out of these amounts is that of indirect costs, which exceeded 80% of the total in both patient groups. Conclusion:Nephrolithiasis management and treatment causeconsiderable financial hardship on the public healthcare system of Vietnam. Analytically demonstrating the magnitude of this economic impact may help facilitate health and social policy interventions for improving the prevention and treatment of the disease.