Miswak: An Ancient Alternative To Modern Dentifrices
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53555/ejac.v19i1.1120Keywords:
Miswak, oral hygiene, antibacterial, anticariogenic, antiplaque, analgesic, whitening properties, natural dentifriceAbstract
Miswak (Salvadora persica) has been used for centuries as a natural oral hygiene agent. This study highlights the benefits of miswak in promoting oral health and preventing dental problems. Miswak contains various natural chemicals, including silica, calcium, fluoride, and alkaloids, which contribute to its antibacterial, anticariogenic, antiplaque, analgesic, and whitening properties. Studies have shown that miswak is effective in reducing plaque, gingivitis, and caries, and is a viable alternative to modern dentifrices. Additionally, miswak is available in various forms, including toothpaste, mouthwash, chewing gum, and probiotic spray, making it a versatile and accessible oral hygiene agent. The review concludes that miswak is a valuable tool in promoting oral health and preventing dental problems, and its use should be encouraged and further researched.
References
Al Jeaidi Z, Muigtafa M. “Study of caries prevalence among miswak and non-miswak users: a prospective study.” Dent Prac. 2016,17, 926-929.
Chaurasia A, Patil R, Nagar A. “Miswak in oral cavity–An update”. Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research. 2013 ,3 , 98-101.
Nordin A, Saim AB, Ramli R, Hamid AA, Nasri NW, Idrus RB. “Miswak and oral health: An evidence-based review”. Saudi journal of biological sciences. 2020, 27,1801-1810.
Aumeeruddy MZ, Zengin G, Mahomoodally MF. “A review of the traditional and modern uses of Salvadora persica L.(Miswak): Toothbrush tree of Prophet Muhammad.” Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2018, 213, 409-444.
Naiel MA, Khames MK, Abdel-Razek N, Gharib AA, El-Tarabily KA. “The dietary administration of miswak leaf powder promotes performance, antioxidant, immune activity, and resistance against infectious diseases on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).” Aquaculture Reports. 2021, 20, 100707.
Dahiya P, Kamal R, Luthra RP, Mishra R, Saini G. “Miswak: A periodontist's perspective.” Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. 2012, 3, 184-187.
Akhtar J, Siddique KM, Bi S, Mujeeb M. “A review on phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of miswak (Salvadora persica Linn).” Journal of pharmacy and bioallied sciences. 2011, 3, 113-117.
Sukkarwalla A, Ali SM, Lundberg P, Tanwir F. “Efficacy of miswak on oral pathogens.” Dental research journal. 2013, 10, 314-320.
Mohamed SA, Al-Malki AL, Khan JA, Sulaiman MI, Kumosani TA. “Properties of peroxidase from chewing stick miswak.” Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2012, 6, 660-670.
Haque MM, Alsareii SA. “A review of the therapeutic effects of using miswak (Salvadora Persica) on oral health.” Saudi medical journal. 2015, 36, 530-543.
Niazi F, Naseem M, Khurshid Z, Zafar MS, Almas K. “ Role of Salvadora persica chewing stick (miswak): A natural toothbrush for holistic oral health.” European journal of dentistry. 2016, 10, 301-308.
Yasmin W, Ramli H, Alias A. “Miswak: The underutilized device and future challenges.” J Dent Oral Hyg. 2019, 11, 6-11.
Halawany HS. “A review on miswak (Salvadora persica) and its effect on various aspects of oral health.” The Saudi dental journal. 2012, 24, 63-69.
Al-Bayaty FH, AI-Koubaisi AH, Ali NA, Abdulla MA. “Effect of mouth wash extracted from Salvadora persica (Miswak) on dental plaque formation: a clinical trial.” J Med Plant Res. 2010, 4, 1446-1454.
Ansari A, Mirza KA, Kolet M. “Folklore Usage of Miswak (Salvadora Persica L.) in Oral Care: A Review’’. Foundry Journal Vol-25.
Kishore N, Singh BP. “Emerging Role of Medicinal Plants in the Prevention of Oral Cavity Disorders.” Pharmacological Studies in Natural Oral Care. 2023, 33-45.
Amal A. Kareem, Waleed Khalid Ahmed, Tuaq S. Muhammed. “Inhibitory activity of Salvadora persica extract against different bacterial species.” Journal of Education and Scientific Study Chemistry Science.2019, 14, 106-113
Moghadam ET, Yazdanian M, Tahmasebi E, Tebyanian H, Ranjbar R, Yazdanian A, Seifalian A, Tafazoli A. “Current herbal medicine as an alternative treatment in dentistry: In vitro, in vivo and clinical studies.” European journal of pharmacology. 2020, 889, 173665.
Abhary M, Al-Hazmi AA. “Antibacterial activity of Miswak (Salvadora persica L.) extracts on oral hygiene.” Journal of Taibah University for Science. 2016, 10, 513-520.
Hussein F. “Natural Anti-cariogenic Agents.” Natural Conservative Dentistry: An Alternative Approach to Solve Restorative Problems. 2024
Rehaman S. “Pharmacological Benefits of Miswak Users and Its Impact on COVID-19 Patients–A. Review” Int.J.Life Sci.Pharma Res. 2021, 11, 123-129
Hunyadi ZF, Shafiai NA, Noor SN, Rahman NR. “CLINICAL EFFECTS, USES AND APPLICATIONS OF MISWAK (SALVADORA PERSICA) ON ORAL HEALTH OVER THE LAST THREE DECADES: A SCOPING REVIEW OF LITERATURE” Journal of Health and Translational Medicine 2023, 310-324.
Halib N, Nuairy NB, Ramli H, Ahmad I, Othman NK, Salleh SM, Bakarudin SB. “Preliminary assessment of Salvadora persica whitening effects on extracted stained teeth.” Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2017, 7, 121-125.
Al‐Otaibi M, Al‐Harthy M, Gustafsson A, Johansson A, Claesson R, Angmar‐Månsson B. “Subgingival plaque microbiota in Saudi Arabians after use of miswak chewing stick and toothbrush.” Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2004, 31, 1048-1053.
Sofrata AH, Claesson RL, Lingström PK, Gustafsson AK. “Strong antibacterial effect of miswak against oral periodontitis and caries.” Journal of periodontology.2008, 79, 1474-1479.
Mohamed SA, Khan JA. “Antioxidant capacity of chewing stick miswak Salvadora persica.” J BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2013, 13, 1-6.
A Aboutabl E, S Khader M, M Okba M, E Elshemy R. HPLC-PDA-MS/MS profile, “antimicrobial activity of instantly used miswak (Salvadora persica L.) Root versus its aqueous extract and benzyl isothiocyanate quantification.” Int Res J Pharm. 2019, 10, 40-48.
Almas K. “Miswak (chewing stick) and its role in oral health.” Postgraduate Dentist. 1993, 3, 214-218.
Patel AJ, Chauhan JV. “Tooth Tablets: A Review of Formulation Consideration.” International Journal of Pharma Professional’s Research (IJPPR). 2023, 14, 42-48.
Thakur K, Chopde M. “A review article: Herbal tooth tablets formulation.” World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2022, 11, 648-654.
Mohite MT, Mirani K. “A Game-Changer In Oral Care: Unraveling The Formulation Secrets Of Toothpaste Tablet.” Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences. 2023, 3463-3471.
Sofrata A, Brito F, Al-Otaibi M, Gustafsson A. “Short term clinical effect of active and inactive Salvadora persica miswak on dental plaque and gingivitis.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2011,137, 1130-1134.
Gupta P, Agarwal N, Anup N, Manujunath BC, Bhalla A. “Evaluating the anti-plaque efficacy of meswak (Salvadora persica) containing dentifrice: A triple blind controlled trial.” Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences. 2012, 4, 282-285.
Malik AS, Shaukat MS, Qureshi AA, Abdur R. “Comparative effectiveness of chewing stick and toothbrush: A randomized clinical trial.” North American journal of medical sciences. 2014, 6, 333-337.
Saha S, Mohammad S, Saha S, Samadi F. “Efficiency of traditional chewing stick (miswak) as an oral hygiene aid among Muslim school children in Lucknow: A cross-sectional study.” Journal of oral biology and craniofacial research. 2012, 2, 176-180.
Azaripour A, Mahmoodi B, Habibi E, Willershausen I, Schmidtmann I, Willershausen B. “Effectiveness of a miswak extract‐containing toothpaste on gingival inflammation: a randomized clinical trial.” International journal of dental hygiene . 2017, 15, 195-202.
Sobouti F, Rakhshan V, Heydari M, Keikavusi S, Dadgar S, Shariati M. “Effects of fixed orthodontic treatment and two new mouth rinses on gingival health: A prospective cohort followed by a single-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial” International orthodontics. 2018, 16, 12-30.
Varma SR, Sherif H, Serafi A, Fanas SA, Desai V, Abuhijleh E, Al Radaidah A. “The antiplaque efficacy of two herbal-based toothpastes: a clinical intervention.” Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry. 2018, 8, 21-27.
Rezaei S, Rezaei K, Mahboubi M, Jarahzadeh MH, Momeni E, Bagherinasab M, Targhi MG, Memarzadeh MR. “Comparison the efficacy of herbal mouthwash with chlorhexidine on gingival index of intubated patients in Intensive Care Unit.” Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2016, 20, 404-408.
Omidkhoda M, Rashed R, Khodarahmi N. “Evaluation of the effects of three different mouthwashes on the force decay of orthodontic chains.” Dental research journal. 2015, 12, 348-352.
Baeshen H, Salahuddin S, Dam R, Zawawi KH, Birkhed D. “Comparison of Fluoridated Miswak and Toothbrushing with Fluoridated Toothpaste on Plaque Removal and Fluoride Release.” The journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2017, 18, 300-306.
Dorri M, Shahrabi S, Navabazam A. “Comparing the effects of chlorhexidine and persica on alveolar bone healing following tooth extraction in rats, a randomised controlled trial.” Clinical oral investigations. 2012, 16, 25-31.
Kabil NS, Badran AS, Wassel MO. “Effect of the addition of chlorhexidine and miswak extract on the clinical performance and antibacterial properties of conventional glass ionomer: an in vivo study.” International journal of pediatric dentistry. 2017, 27, 380-387.
Ersa S, Ervina I. “The Effectiveness of Salvadora persica (miswak) on Periodontal Health, Literature Review.” Journal of Syiah Kuala Dentistry Society. 2024.
Al-Dabbagh SA, Qasim HJ, Al-Derzi NA. “Efficacy of Miswak toothpaste and mouthwash on cariogenic bacteria.” Saudi medical journal. 2016, 37, 1009-1014.
Ajmal M. “Significance of chewing sticks (Miswak) in oral hygiene from a pharmacological viewpoint.” J Pak Med Assoc. 1981, 31, 89-95.
Nasry S, Elgamily H, El-Refai I, Mehanna N. “The clinical efficacy of a probiotic miswak oral spray in patients with gingivitis.” Journal of International Dental and Medical Research. 2018, 11, 433-440
https://images.app.goo.gl/4b5ZN3HAySegXP3d6
https://images.app.goo.gl/Q1mT1s7BHphRQccX7
https://images.app.goo.gl/HGZLaYijFkfHHmiU8
