‘’Severe Allergic Reaction (Anaphylactic Shock)’’
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53555/ejac.v13i3.1165Keywords:
Allergic Reaction ,Grading system, Symptoms, TriggersAbstract
Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that occurs rapidly and causes a life-threatening response involving the whole body. This reaction can lead to difficulty breathing and shock ultimately leading to death. Most frequently, severe allergic reactions occur due to reactions to food, insect stings, or medications (immunologic causes), but they can also occur due to non-immunologic causes. For an anaphylactic reaction to occur, you must have been exposed in the past to the substance that causes the reaction, called the antigen. This is called “sensitization.”A bee sting, for example, may not cause an allergic reaction the first time. Another bee sting may produce a sudden, severe allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock. These reactions usually occur within seconds to minutes of exposure. Occasionally, they are delayed. You may develop sensitivity and anaphylaxis to a substance that you have been exposed to many times in the past without a reaction, and often people don’t recall the previous exposure.
References
1.Bergmann K-C, Ring J. History of allergy. Chemical immunology and allergy, vol. 100. Basel: Karger; 2014. [Google Scholar]
2.Fineman SM, Bowman SH, Campbell RL, et al. Addressing barriers to emergency anaphylaxis care: from emergency medical services to emergency department to outpatient follow-up. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015;115(4):301–5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
3.Sampson HA, Muñoz-Furlong A, Campbell RL, et al. Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report–second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium. Ann Emerg Med 2006;47(4):373–80. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
4.Simons FE, Ebisawa M, Sanchez-Borges M, et al. 2015 update of the evidence base: World Allergy Organization anaphylaxis guidelines. World Allergy Organ J 2015;8(1):32. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
5.Campbell RL, Hagan JB, Manivannan V, et al. Evaluation of national institute of allergy and infectious diseases/food allergy and anaphylaxis network criteria for the diagnosis of anaphylaxis in emergency department patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;129(3):748–52. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
6.Loprinzi Brauer CE, Motosue MS, Li JT, et al. Prospective validation of the NIAID/FAAN criteria for emergency department diagnosis of anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2016;4(6):1220–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
7.Cardona V, Ansotegui IJ, Ebisawa M, et al. World Allergy Organization anaphylaxis guidance 2020. World Allergy Organ J 2020;13(10):100472. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
8.Baalmann DV, Hagan JB, Li JT, et al. Appropriateness of epinephrine use in ED patients with anaphylaxis. Am J Emerg Med 2016;34(2):174–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
9.Campbell RL, Li JT, Nicklas RA, et al. Emergency department diagnosis and treatment of anaphylaxis: a practice parameter. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014;113(6):599–608. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
10.Dribin TE, Sampson HA, Camargo CA Jr, et al. Persistent, refractory, and biphasic anaphylaxis: a multidisciplinary Delphi study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020;146(5):1089–96. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
11.Lee S, Sadosty AT, Campbell RL. Update on biphasic anaphylaxis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2016;16(4):346–51. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
12.Dribin TE, Schnadower D, Spergel JM, et al. Severity grading system for acute allergic reactions: a multidisciplinary Delphi study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148(1):173–81. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
13.Simons FE. Anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;125(2 Suppl 2):S161–81. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
14.Reber LL, Hernandez JD, Galli SJ. The pathophysiology of anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017;140(2):335–48. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
15.Vadas P, Perelman B, Liss G. Platelet-activating factor, histamine, and tryptase levels in human anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;131(1):144–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
16.Vadas P, Gold M, Perelman B, et al. Platelet-activating factor, PAF acetylhydrolase, and severe anaphylaxis. N Engl J Med 2008;358(1):28–35. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
17.Austen KF. The cysteinyl leukotrienes: where do they come from? What are they? Where are they going? Nat Immunol 2008;9(2):113–5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
18.Weiss JW, Drazen JM, Coles N, et al. Bronchoconstrictor effects of leukotriene C in humans. Science 1982;216(4542):196–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
19.Buka RJ, Knibb RC, Crossman RJ, et al. Anaphylaxis and clinical utility of real-world measurement of acute serum tryptase in UK Emergency Departments. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2017;5(5):1280–7. e2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
20.Lin RY, Schwartz LB, Curry A, et al. Histamine and tryptase levels in patients with acute allergic reactions: an emergency department-based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;106(1 Pt 1):65–71. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
21.Brown SG, Stone SF, Fatovich DM, et al. Anaphylaxis: clinical patterns, mediator release, and severity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;132(5):1141–9. e5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
22.Lieberman P, Camargo CA Jr, Bohlke K, et al. Epidemiology of anaphylaxis: findings of the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Epidemiology of Anaphylaxis Working Group. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006;97(5): 596–602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
23.Wang Y, Allen KJ, Suaini NHA, et al. The global incidence and prevalence of anaphylaxis in children in the general population: a systematic review. Allergy 2019;74(6):1063–80. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
24.Jensen-Jarolim E, Untersmayr E. Gender-medicine aspects in allergology. Allergy 2008;63(5):610–5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
25.Motosue MS, Bellolio MF, Van Houten HK, et al. Increasing emergency department visits for anaphylaxis, 2005–2014. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2017;5(1): 171–5. e3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
26.Michelson KA, Dribin TE, Vyles D, et al. Trends in emergency care for anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020;8(2):767–8. e2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
27.Poowuttikul P, Seth D. Anaphylaxis in children and adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am 2019;66(5):995–1005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
28.Motosue MS, Bellolio MF, Van Houten HK, et al. National trends in emergency department visits and hospitalizations for food-induced anaphylaxis in US children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2018;29(5):538–44. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
29.Parlaman JP, Oron AP, Uspal NG, et al. Emergency and hospital care for food-related anaphylaxis in children. Hosp Pediatr 2016;6(5):269–74. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
30.Steinke JW, Platts-Mills TA, Commins SP. The alpha-gal story: lessons learned from connecting the dots. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015;135(3):589–96 [quiz 597]. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
